1Establishing a clear link between smoking and lung cancer required decades of research into causation.
2Can we infer causation from a strong correlation, or are there hidden variables at play?
3The court did not accept the argument that mere proximity to the scene proved causation.
4Consider whether the data supports a theory of direct causation or merely a coincidental pattern.
5There is a fundamental philosophical debate about whether mental states can have any role in physical causation.